Reading Comprehension - An Inroduction

5. Tones

Tone based questions are very popular with the paper setters of the RC section. Let us first understand the meaning of the word tone. For our purpose the word tone would mean- the general character, quality, spirit, atmosphere, air, ambience, mood, attitude or perspective. Basically the tone based questions ask you to identify either the attitude/perspective of the author or the character/quality of the passage. You must observe whether the writer’s feeling towards the subject is positive, negative or neutral? Does the writer give his own opinion or does he objectively present the opinions of others? 

Before you read the answer choices, decide whether the writer’s tone is positive, negative, or neutral. It is best to do this without referring back to the passage. However, if you did not get a feel of the writer’s attitude on the first reading, check the adjectives that he chooses. Adjectives and to a lesser extent, adverbs express our feelings toward subjects. For instance, if we agree with a person who holds strong feelings about a subject, we may describe his opinions as ‘impassioned’. On the other hand, if we disagree with him, we may describe his opinions as ‘excitable’, which has the same meaning as ‘impassioned’ but carries a negative connotation. In case the choices are still close, then you can choose a tone, which is the tone of most of the paragraphs in the passage. When you find that after eliminating a few options the two very close options remain, e.g. objective vs. neutral or scholarly vs. analytical, etc. try to mentally define these words as the dictionary would and try to apply this meaning to the passage, rather than be baffled by the closeness of the options. For example, neutral would mean ‘ not engaged on either side’, this can be true even when one is criticizing both the sides; objective would mean ‘ an observation of facts as they are’ rather than expressing one’s views on them. After having distinguished the meanings of the words this way, think which of the meanings you would apply to the passage. Making a choice then becomes a little easier. However, tone questions in competitive exams are usually not very easy. An author may express his feelings or attitudes toward a subject directly and in so many words at times. This expression of emotion imparts a tone to the writing. To determine the tone of a passage, think of the emotions or attitudes that are expressed throughout the passage. 

S.No

Possible tone

Meaning of the word

1.

Academic

Involving a lot of reading and studying rather than with ideas or theories

2.

Acerbic

Harsh/ severe; bitter

3.

Adulatory

Showing admiration and praise especially when this is greater than necessary

4.

Admiring

Respectful, approving

5.

Aggressive

Forceful; tending towards unprovoked offensiveness

6.

Angry

Showing displeasure

7.

Analytical

a detailed examination of a topic taking into consideration both its merits and demerits

8.

Apathetic

Emotionless; not interested/ concerned; indifferent; unresponsive

9.

Apologetic

Expressing remorse, regret, sorrow for having failed/ injured, insulted or wronged another

10.

Aphoristic

Full of aphorism- a short phrase that  says something true or wise

11.

Articulate

to express or explain your thoughts or feelings clearly in words

12.

Belligerent

Aggressively hostile; bellicose

13.

Belittling

Depreciating, making small

14.

Biased

Favouring one thing/person/group over another for personal reasons.

15.

Blasphemous

Showing lack of respect or contempt towards something sacred

16.

Castigating

Criticise severely

17.

Callous

Having no sympathy

18.

Caustic

Biting; acerbic

19.

Catatonic

Not able to move or show any reaction  to things because of illness, shock etc.

20.

Concerned

Worried and feeling concern( a feeling of worry, especially one that is shared by many people about something)

21.

Conversational

Colloquial, not formal as used in conversation

22.

Commiserating

Feeling/ expressing sorrow for; empathizing with; pity

23.

Conciliatory

having the intention or effect of making angry people calm

24.

Condescending

Patronizing; showing/implying patronizing descent from dignity/ superiority

25.

Contemptuous

Expressing contempt/disdain

26.

Communistic

Belief in the equal treatment of the people

27.

Consoling

Pacifying

28.

Commendation

Approval, praise

29.

Contemplative

Considering something thoughtfully

30.

Critical

Criticize; evaluate

31.

Cynical

displaying a belief that people are always self-seeking and never altruistic in their actions

32.

Damning

Strongly suggesting glint

33.

Deprecating

Express disapproval of

34.

Derisive

Unkind and displaying contempt, deriding

35.

Denigrating

Defamatory, blackening

36.

Descriptive

Description without criticism or analysis

37.

Disinterested

Impartial, unbiased

38.

Didactic

Designed to teach people especially a moral lesson

39.

Disparaging

Speak slightingly; depreciating; belittling

40.

Dispassionate

Not influenced by emotion, impartial

41.

Dogmatic

Asserting opinions in an arrogant manner; imperious; dictatorial

42.

Ebullient

Praising, exuberant

43.

Eclectic

Not following one style or set of ideas but choosing from or using a wide variety.

44.

Eccentric

Considered by other people to be strange or unusual

45.

Effusive

Showing much or too much emotion

46.

Emotional

Easily affected by feelings actuated by experiencing love, hate, fear and the like

47.

Empirical

Relying on observation and experiment

48.

Esoteric

Likely to be understood or enjoyed by only a few people with a special knowledge or interest

49.

Ethical

Dealing with principles of morality; honest; righteous

50.

Exalting

High praise

51.

Exploratory

To investigate systematically, to examine

52.

Euphemistic

Substitution of mild, indirect or vague expression for one thought to be offensive, harsh or blunt

53.

Frivolous

Lacking in seriousness

54.

Grandiose

More complicated/ elaborated than necessary; pompous

55.

Humanistic

Evincing keen interest in human affairs, nature, welfare, values

56.

Humorous

Funny and amusing

57.

Idealistic

Having a strong belief in perfect standards and trying to achieve them even when this is not realistic

58.

Indignant

Angry

59.

Ironical

words or phrases which have an underlying meaning or implication often humorous

60.

Introspective

Consider one’s own internal state of feelings

61.

Incendiary

Causing strong feelings

62.

Ingenuous

Honest, innocent and willing to trust people

63.

Investigative

Seeking to expose dishonesty and injustice

64.

Inquisitive

Propensity to ask questions

65.

Jocular

Making people laugh, comic

66.

Jovial

Cheerful, friendly

67.

Jubilant

Happy, triumphant

68.

Judgemental

Excessively critical of others

69.

Laudatory

Praising; extolling; applauding

70.

Lampooning

Making fun of, satirical

71.

Meditative

Thinking very deeply, involving deep thought

72.

Melodramatic

Sensational, appealing to emotions

73.

Mendacious

Lying, untruthful

74.

Miasmic

Unpleasant or poisonous

75.

Motivating

Impelling; inciting

76.

Mobilizing

Attempt to explain or interpret good or bad features of something; to try to reform.

77.

Narcissistic

Having the tendency of admiring oneself too much

78.

Nostalgic

A feeling of sadness mixed with pleasure and affection when you think of happy times in the past

79.

Non partisan

Neutral, unbiased

80.

Obsequious

Fawning; showing servile complaisance; flattering; deferent

81.

Objective

Not influenced by personal feelings or opinions considering only facts

82.

Optimistic

Expecting good things to happen or something to be successful

83.

Patronising

Showing that you feel better or more intelligent than somebody else

84.

Pedantic

Too worried about small details or rules

85.

Pedestrian

Lacking vitality, imagination, distinction

86.

Pessimistic

Expecting bad things to happen or something to be successful

87.

Populist

Egalitarian; pertaining to the characteristics of common people/ working class

88.

Provocative

Inciting; stimulating; irritating; vexing

89.

Practical

Connected with real situations rather than with ideas or theories

90.

Pleading

Requesting

91.

Prescribing

To give an advice

92.

Prejudiced

Biased

93.

Reverential

Regarding as sacred

94.

Reproof

Blame or disapproval

95.

Ridiculing

Mocking, scornful, deriding

96.

Romantic

Fanciful; impractical; unrealistic; extravagant; exaggerated

97.

Sarcastic

Harsh, bitter derision; taunting; sneering; cutting remarks

98.

Sanguine

confident, hopeful

99.

Sardonic

Mocking, bitter, cynical

100.

Satirical

Taunting; human folly held up to scorn/ derision/ ridicule

101.

Sceptical

Having doubts that a claim or statement is true or that something  will happen

102.

Scornful

Showing or feeling that somebody/ something is stupid or not good enough showing contempt showing that you do not respect something/somebody

103.

Sentimental

Connected with your emotions rather than reason

104.

Solipsistic

Selfish, self centered

105.

Speculative

Theoretical rather than practical; thoughtful; reflective; hypothetical

106.

Subjective

Based on the writer’s ideas or opinions rather than facts

107.

Supercilious

A feeling of superiority, arrogance

108.

Technical

Using terminology or treating subject matter in a manner peculiar to a particular field, as a writer or a book

109.

Timorous

Nervous and easily frightened

110.

Tragic

Sad

111.

Uninterested

Lack of interest or concern

112.

Vehement

Showing very strong feelings, especially anger

113.

Vitriolic

Full of anger and hatred

114.

Vituperative

Cruel and angry criticism

115.

Vindictive

Revengeful, spiteful

116.

Wary

Cautious, careful when dealing with somebody/ something because you think that there may be a danger or problem

117.

Whimsical

Unusual and not serious in a way that is either amusing or annoying