Reading Comprehension - An Inroduction
5. Tones
Tone based questions are very popular with the paper setters of the RC section. Let us first understand the meaning of the word tone. For our purpose the word tone would mean- the general character, quality, spirit, atmosphere, air, ambience, mood, attitude or perspective. Basically the tone based questions ask you to identify either the attitude/perspective of the author or the character/quality of the passage. You must observe whether the writer’s feeling towards the subject is positive, negative or neutral? Does the writer give his own opinion or does he objectively present the opinions of others?
Before you read the answer choices, decide whether the writer’s tone is positive, negative, or neutral. It is best to do this without referring back to the passage. However, if you did not get a feel of the writer’s attitude on the first reading, check the adjectives that he chooses. Adjectives and to a lesser extent, adverbs express our feelings toward subjects. For instance, if we agree with a person who holds strong feelings about a subject, we may describe his opinions as ‘impassioned’. On the other hand, if we disagree with him, we may describe his opinions as ‘excitable’, which has the same meaning as ‘impassioned’ but carries a negative connotation. In case the choices are still close, then you can choose a tone, which is the tone of most of the paragraphs in the passage. When you find that after eliminating a few options the two very close options remain, e.g. objective vs. neutral or scholarly vs. analytical, etc. try to mentally define these words as the dictionary would and try to apply this meaning to the passage, rather than be baffled by the closeness of the options. For example, neutral would mean ‘ not engaged on either side’, this can be true even when one is criticizing both the sides; objective would mean ‘ an observation of facts as they are’ rather than expressing one’s views on them. After having distinguished the meanings of the words this way, think which of the meanings you would apply to the passage. Making a choice then becomes a little easier. However, tone questions in competitive exams are usually not very easy. An author may express his feelings or attitudes toward a subject directly and in so many words at times. This expression of emotion imparts a tone to the writing. To determine the tone of a passage, think of the emotions or attitudes that are expressed throughout the passage.
S.No |
Possible tone |
Meaning of the word |
1. |
Academic |
Involving a lot of reading and studying rather than with ideas or theories |
2. |
Acerbic |
Harsh/ severe; bitter |
3. |
Adulatory |
Showing admiration and praise especially when this is greater than necessary |
4. |
Admiring |
Respectful, approving |
5. |
Aggressive |
Forceful; tending towards unprovoked offensiveness |
6. |
Angry |
Showing displeasure |
7. |
Analytical |
a detailed examination of a topic taking into consideration both its merits and demerits |
8. |
Apathetic |
Emotionless; not interested/ concerned; indifferent; unresponsive |
9. |
Apologetic |
Expressing remorse, regret, sorrow for having failed/ injured, insulted or wronged another |
10. |
Aphoristic |
Full of aphorism- a short phrase that says something true or wise |
11. |
Articulate |
to express or explain your thoughts or feelings clearly in words |
12. |
Belligerent |
Aggressively hostile; bellicose |
13. |
Belittling |
Depreciating, making small |
14. |
Biased |
Favouring one thing/person/group over another for personal reasons. |
15. |
Blasphemous |
Showing lack of respect or contempt towards something sacred |
16. |
Castigating |
Criticise severely |
17. |
Callous |
Having no sympathy |
18. |
Caustic |
Biting; acerbic |
19. |
Catatonic |
Not able to move or show any reaction to things because of illness, shock etc. |
20. |
Concerned |
Worried and feeling concern( a feeling of worry, especially one that is shared by many people about something) |
21. |
Conversational |
Colloquial, not formal as used in conversation |
22. |
Commiserating |
Feeling/ expressing sorrow for; empathizing with; pity |
23. |
Conciliatory |
having the intention or effect of making angry people calm |
24. |
Condescending |
Patronizing; showing/implying patronizing descent from dignity/ superiority |
25. |
Contemptuous |
Expressing contempt/disdain |
26. |
Communistic |
Belief in the equal treatment of the people |
27. |
Consoling |
Pacifying |
28. |
Commendation |
Approval, praise |
29. |
Contemplative |
Considering something thoughtfully |
30. |
Critical |
Criticize; evaluate |
31. |
Cynical |
displaying a belief that people are always self-seeking and never altruistic in their actions |
32. |
Damning |
Strongly suggesting glint |
33. |
Deprecating |
Express disapproval of |
34. |
Derisive |
Unkind and displaying contempt, deriding |
35. |
Denigrating |
Defamatory, blackening |
36. |
Descriptive |
Description without criticism or analysis |
37. |
Disinterested |
Impartial, unbiased |
38. |
Didactic |
Designed to teach people especially a moral lesson |
39. |
Disparaging |
Speak slightingly; depreciating; belittling |
40. |
Dispassionate |
Not influenced by emotion, impartial |
41. |
Dogmatic |
Asserting opinions in an arrogant manner; imperious; dictatorial |
42. |
Ebullient |
Praising, exuberant |
43. |
Eclectic |
Not following one style or set of ideas but choosing from or using a wide variety. |
44. |
Eccentric |
Considered by other people to be strange or unusual |
45. |
Effusive |
Showing much or too much emotion |
46. |
Emotional |
Easily affected by feelings actuated by experiencing love, hate, fear and the like |
47. |
Empirical |
Relying on observation and experiment |
48. |
Esoteric |
Likely to be understood or enjoyed by only a few people with a special knowledge or interest |
49. |
Ethical |
Dealing with principles of morality; honest; righteous |
50. |
Exalting |
High praise |
51. |
Exploratory |
To investigate systematically, to examine |
52. |
Euphemistic |
Substitution of mild, indirect or vague expression for one thought to be offensive, harsh or blunt |
53. |
Frivolous |
Lacking in seriousness |
54. |
Grandiose |
More complicated/ elaborated than necessary; pompous |
55. |
Humanistic |
Evincing keen interest in human affairs, nature, welfare, values |
56. |
Humorous |
Funny and amusing |
57. |
Idealistic |
Having a strong belief in perfect standards and trying to achieve them even when this is not realistic |
58. |
Indignant |
Angry |
59. |
Ironical |
words or phrases which have an underlying meaning or implication often humorous |
60. |
Introspective |
Consider one’s own internal state of feelings |
61. |
Incendiary |
Causing strong feelings |
62. |
Ingenuous |
Honest, innocent and willing to trust people |
63. |
Investigative |
Seeking to expose dishonesty and injustice |
64. |
Inquisitive |
Propensity to ask questions |
65. |
Jocular |
Making people laugh, comic |
66. |
Jovial |
Cheerful, friendly |
67. |
Jubilant |
Happy, triumphant |
68. |
Judgemental |
Excessively critical of others |
69. |
Laudatory |
Praising; extolling; applauding |
70. |
Lampooning |
Making fun of, satirical |
71. |
Meditative |
Thinking very deeply, involving deep thought |
72. |
Melodramatic |
Sensational, appealing to emotions |
73. |
Mendacious |
Lying, untruthful |
74. |
Miasmic |
Unpleasant or poisonous |
75. |
Motivating |
Impelling; inciting |
76. |
Mobilizing |
Attempt to explain or interpret good or bad features of something; to try to reform. |
77. |
Narcissistic |
Having the tendency of admiring oneself too much |
78. |
Nostalgic |
A feeling of sadness mixed with pleasure and affection when you think of happy times in the past |
79. |
Non partisan |
Neutral, unbiased |
80. |
Obsequious |
Fawning; showing servile complaisance; flattering; deferent |
81. |
Objective |
Not influenced by personal feelings or opinions considering only facts |
82. |
Optimistic |
Expecting good things to happen or something to be successful |
83. |
Patronising |
Showing that you feel better or more intelligent than somebody else |
84. |
Pedantic |
Too worried about small details or rules |
85. |
Pedestrian |
Lacking vitality, imagination, distinction |
86. |
Pessimistic |
Expecting bad things to happen or something to be successful |
87. |
Populist |
Egalitarian; pertaining to the characteristics of common people/ working class |
88. |
Provocative |
Inciting; stimulating; irritating; vexing |
89. |
Practical |
Connected with real situations rather than with ideas or theories |
90. |
Pleading |
Requesting |
91. |
Prescribing |
To give an advice |
92. |
Prejudiced |
Biased |
93. |
Reverential |
Regarding as sacred |
94. |
Reproof |
Blame or disapproval |
95. |
Ridiculing |
Mocking, scornful, deriding |
96. |
Romantic |
Fanciful; impractical; unrealistic; extravagant; exaggerated |
97. |
Sarcastic |
Harsh, bitter derision; taunting; sneering; cutting remarks |
98. |
Sanguine |
confident, hopeful |
99. |
Sardonic |
Mocking, bitter, cynical |
100. |
Satirical |
Taunting; human folly held up to scorn/ derision/ ridicule |
101. |
Sceptical |
Having doubts that a claim or statement is true or that something will happen |
102. |
Scornful |
Showing or feeling that somebody/ something is stupid or not good enough showing contempt showing that you do not respect something/somebody |
103. |
Sentimental |
Connected with your emotions rather than reason |
104. |
Solipsistic |
Selfish, self centered |
105. |
Speculative |
Theoretical rather than practical; thoughtful; reflective; hypothetical |
106. |
Subjective |
Based on the writer’s ideas or opinions rather than facts |
107. |
Supercilious |
A feeling of superiority, arrogance |
108. |
Technical |
Using terminology or treating subject matter in a manner peculiar to a particular field, as a writer or a book |
109. |
Timorous |
Nervous and easily frightened |
110. |
Tragic |
Sad |
111. |
Uninterested |
Lack of interest or concern |
112. |
Vehement |
Showing very strong feelings, especially anger |
113. |
Vitriolic |
Full of anger and hatred |
114. |
Vituperative |
Cruel and angry criticism |
115. |
Vindictive |
Revengeful, spiteful |
116. |
Wary |
Cautious, careful when dealing with somebody/ something because you think that there may be a danger or problem |
117. |
Whimsical |
Unusual and not serious in a way that is either amusing or annoying |