Number Theory
Perfect Squares and Their Properties
- Every perfect square ends with \(0, 1, 4, 5, 6\) and \(9\).
- No perfect square ends with \(2, 3, 7\) and \(8\) or odd number of zeroes
- No perfect square can be of the form of
\(4k + 2, 4k + 3,3k + 2, 5k + 2\) and \(5k + 3\). - Last two digits of \({n^2},{\rm{ }}{(50\; - \;n)^2},{\rm{ }}{\left( {50\; + \;n} \right)^2},{(100 - n)^2},{\rm{ }}{\left( {100{\rm{ }} + n} \right)^2}\) etc are same. For example last two digits of \(12^2\), \(38^2\) , \(62^2\), \(88^2\) (and so on) are same i.e. 44.
- The last two digits of any square are the last two digits of one of the squares from 1 to 24
- Square of a perfect square ends only with 1, 5, 6 or \(4n\) zeroes.
Example 5: A four-digit perfect square is of the form \(aabb\), where \(a\) and \(b\) are the single digits. How many such numbers are possible?
Solution: Since the last two digits are the same, \(b\) can be 0 or 4. Now \(b\) can not be 0, because in that first two digits are not the same. So \(b = 4\) or number is ending with 44, which means number is of the form of \({(50 \pm 12)^2}\) or \({\left( {100\;-\;12} \right)^2}\). Since aabb is also a multiple of 11. so the number can be only \({\left( {100\;-\;12} \right)^2} = {\rm{ }}{88^2} = 7744\). There is only one such number.
Example 6: There is a five-digit perfect square in which the last two digits are the same and non-zero, and the number formed by the first three digits is a perfect cube. How many such numbers exist?
Solution: Since the last two digits are the same, the last digit can be only 4. So the number can be a square of 112, 138, 162, 188, 212, 238, 262, 288, 312. Out of these numbers, the first three digits of only \({112^2}\)\(\) is a perfect cube. \({112^2} = {\rm{ }}12544\).\(\)