Refer to the last paragraph. Choice 1 is clearly mentioned and therefore it is the right choice. Choice 2 to and 3 are contradictory and choice 4 which talks about nationalistic projects is not mentioned at all in the last paragraph hence all three can be eliminated.

Choice 1 is the correct answer.

Question 3 asks about the statement which does not contradict the arguments in the passage. It means it is asking about the statement which supports the arguments in the passage. Choice one is wrong because it says that tactile and olfactory response is the most important and fundamental response. The passage does not say so. Choice 3 is also wrong because it says that new urbanism succeeded while the passage says that it failed. Also choice 3 mentions that Architects collaborated with their clients which is not mentioned in the passage. Choice 4 is also wrong because it says that ties of the people to their environment very little in significance but para 1 says that emotive ties with the material environment varies greatly. 

Choice 2 is correct as it is clearly mentioned in the last paragraph of the passage.

Choice 1 is the correct answer. Please note that question 1 is asking about the statement that would add the “least depth” to the authors prediction of the fate of start-ups offering few product options. The start-ups are discussed in the last paragraph of the passage where it is said that the growth rate can't be achieved by selling one great mattress or one great sneaker.

Now come to choice 1. It says exactly the opposite that the desired profit goals can be achieved without expanding their product catalogue. This seems to be contradictory and therefore could be the right choice. Choice 2 is not contradicting anything about start-ups with few product options and it can be eliminated. Choice 3 is simply not related to start-ups and its product options. It is about taxation and hence can be eliminated. Choice 4 can also be eliminated because it does not stop companies like Casper and Glacier into venturing into new product ranges.

In this question we are looking for a statement that would not weaken the author's claims made in the passage. Option 1 can be eliminated because it directly contradicts the sentiment expressed in the paragraph 1 where it is said that choice anxiety is one reason why so many people gravitate towards Lifestyle influencers on Instagram. It clearly weakens the author's claim.

Choice 2 also weekens the author’s claim as it says that the purchasers felt empowerment in buying commodity from a large number of options. However the paragraph 1 says that contemporary internet shopping can cause a perfect storm of choice anxiety. People who are presented with the few options make better, easier decision than those were presented with many options.

Choice 3 can also be eliminated because its sentiment supports a large number of product options being favourable to the poor by increasing their purchasing power and also bringing down the prices of commodities. This is in direct contradiction to the thoughts expressed by the author in paragraph 3.

Choice 4 is the right answer because it says that annual sales growth of companies with fewer product options is far higher than that of companies which had large product options and therefore had to curate their products for target consumers. This directly supports the sentiments expressed in the paragraph 1 of the passage.

Refer para 4 – To the scholars who study the tale, its narrative drama isn’t the only reason storytellers keep finding reason to return to Aladdin. It reflects not only “a history of the French and the Middle East, but also a story about Middle Easterners coming to Paris and that speaks to our world today,” as Horta puts it. “The day Diyab told the story of Aladdin to Galland, there were riots due to food shortages during the winter and spring of 1708 to 1709, and Diyab was sensitive to those people in a way that Galland is not. When you read this diary, you see this solidarity among the Arabs who were in Paris at the time. There is little in the writings of Galland that would suggest that he was capable of developing a character like Aladdin with sympathy, but Diyab’s memoir reveals a narrator adept at capturing the distinctive psychology of a young protagonist, as well as recognizing the kinds of injustices and opportunities that can transform the path of any youthful adventurer.”

Choice 1 is correct because para 4 clearly states that the primary reason for why storytellers are still fascinated by the story of Aladdin is the experience of a middle easterner traveller which is brought out in the tale of Aladdin. Choice 2 is incorrect because para 4 doesn’t suggest that rags-to-riches story of Aladdin is the primary reason for why storytellers are still fascinated by the story of Aladdin. Choice 3 is incorrect because there is no mention of history of EUROPE (only of French). Choice 4 is incorrect because the eighteenth century French Orientalist attitude was earlier thought to have inspired the story of Aladdin, but this opinion was revised later. To understand it more clearly refer para 3 - For 300 years, scholars thought that the rags-to-riches story of Aladdin might have been inspired by the plots of French fairy tales that came out around the same time, or that the story was invented in that 18th century period as a byproduct of French Orientalism, a fascination with stereotypical exotic Middle Eastern luxuries that was prevalent then. The idea that Diyab might have based it on his own life — the experiences of a Middle Eastern man encountering the French, not vice-versa — flips the script.

Please note that the question is asking about the choice that would INVALIDATE THE INVERSION that the phrase “flips the script” refers to. Para 3 talks about the earlier beliefs regarding the origins of the story of Aladdin - For 300 years, scholars thought that the rags-to-riches story of Aladdin might have been inspired by the plots of French fairy tales that came out around the same time, or that the story was invented in that 18th century period as a by-product of French Orientalism, a fascination with stereotypical exotic Middle Eastern luxuries that was prevalent then. The idea that Diyab might have based it on his own life — the experiences of a Middle Eastern man encountering the French, not vice-versa — flips the script. “Flips the script” refers to the assertion made by modern day scholars that the story of Aladdin was that of Diyab himself. Refer paragraph 2 -  ‘The descriptions he (Diyab) uses were very similar to the descriptions of the lavish palace that ended up in Galland’s version of the Aladdin story. Therefore, author Paulo Lemos Horta believes that “Aladdin might be the young Arab Maronite from Aleppo, marveling at the jewels and riches of Versailles.” This extract combined with the following extract from para 4, “The idea that Diyab might have based it on his own life — the experiences of a Middle Eastern man encountering the French, not vice-versa — flips the script” that it was not the French encountering the orientals – rather it was the other way around. Had the two stories of Galland and Diyab borne no resemblance to each other scholars would not have guessed that the story of Aladdin was the story of Diyab himself. We have to choose that choice that validates this conclusion and only choice 3 does it correctly.

Choice 1 cannot be justified from the passage. Choice 2 is incorrect because Diyab did describe the opulence of Versailles but it does not answer the question. Choice 4 has nothing to do with “flipping the script.” It is also not true. Galland acknowledged that he heard the story from Diyab only in his diary and not in his published translations. Therefore, the correct answer is choice 3.

Please note that the question is asking for the choice that the author of the passage is LEAST LIKELY to agree with. Now refer to para 3 – “BUT THERE IS TENSION IN NEWNESS. IN THE LATE 1960S, PURISTS WERE SUSPICIOUS OF FOLK SONGS RECAST IN ROCK IDIOMS. Electrification, however, comes in many forms. For the early-20th-century composers such as Vaughan Williams and Holst, there were thunderbolts of inspiration from oriental mysticism, angular modernism and the body blow of the first world war, as well as input from the rediscovered folk tradition itself”. The above lines easily demolish the assertion made in choice 1 i.e., constant adaptation, poise and homogeneity of folk songs.

For Choice 2 refer to paragraph 2. It is true and is something that the author would agree with.

For Choice 3 refer to the following extract in paragraph 3, “”One man sings a song, and then others sing it after him, changing what they do not like”. It is true and is something that the author would agree with. 

For Choice 4 Refer to paragraph 2, “In our own time, though, the word “folk” has achieved the rare distinction of occupying fashionable and unfashionable status simultaneously. Just as the effusive floral prints of the radical William Morris now cover genteel sofas, so the revolutionary intentions of many folk historians and revivalists have led to music that is commonly regarded as parochial and conservative.” It is also true and is something that the author would agree with.

Hence, the correct answer is choice 1.

Choice 2 is the correct answer. Please note that the question is asking for the PRIMARY PURPOSE of the reference to William Morris and his floral prints. Now refer to the following extract from paragraph 2, “Just as the effusive floral prints of the RADICAL William Morris now cover genteel sofas, so the revolutionary intentions of many folk historians and revivalists have led to music that is commonly regarded as parochial and conservative” points to the fact that what was once radical in folk music is now seen as conformist. Thus, choice 2 is the correct answer.

As per choice 1 - the pervasive influence of folk on contemporary art, culture, and fashion – is not mentioned in the above extract. Hence it is wrong.

Choice 3 has nothing to do with the metaphor of William Morris and his floral prints with folk music. Hence it is wrong.

Choice 4 is actually contradicting the sentiment expressed in the above extract. Hence it is wrong.

Choice 3 is the correct answer.  First of all, please note that the question is asking for statements about folk revivalism of the 1940s and 1960s which CANNOT BE INFERRED from the passage. Now refer to para 3 – “In the late 1960s, purists were suspicious of folk songs recast in rock idioms. Electrification, however, comes in many forms. For the early-20th-century composers such as Vaughan Williams and Holst, there were thunderbolts of inspiration from oriental mysticism, angular modernism and the body blow of the first world war, as well as input from the rediscovered folk tradition itself”. We can infer that purists were against the electrification of folk music but the passage is silent on the origins of the electrification of music. Therefore, rock music is not necessarily the originator of electrification in music. Thus choice 3 cannot be inferred from the passage. Hence, choice 3 is the correct answer.

Choice 1 can be inferred from the passage. In the 1940s folk music “the vital spark was communism’s dream of a post-revolutionary New Jerusalem. For their younger successors in the 60s, who thronged the folk clubs set up by the old guard, the lyrical freedom of Dylan and the unchained melodies of psychedelia created the conditions for folk rock’s own golden age, a brief Indian summer that lasted from about 1969 to 1971. This extract reinforces Cecil Sharp’s observation about folk’s constant transformation. Hence choice 1 can be eliminated.

Choice 2 can be inferred from para 4 - “For the second wave of folk revivalists, such as Ewan MacColl and AL Lloyd, starting in the 40s, the vital spark was communism’s dream of a post-revolutionary New Jerusalem”. Thus, choice 2 can be eliminated.

Choice 4 can also be inferred from para 4 - “For their younger successors in the 60s, who thronged the folk clubs set up by the old guard, the lyrical freedom of Dylan and the unchained melodies of psychedelia created the conditions for folk rock’s own golden age, a brief Indian summer that lasted from about 1969 to 1971. Four decades on, even that progressive period has become just one more era ripe for fashionable emulation and pastiche.” Pastiche means to imitate or copy and the author is critical about this phenomenon. Thus, choice 4 can be eliminated.

Hence, the correct answer is choice 3.

Please note that the question is asking for the REASON WHY THE AUTHOR SAYS that folk “may often appear a cosy, fossilised form”. For the answer please refer to para 1 - “Free of the taint of manufacture” – that phrase, in particular, is heavily loaded with the ideology of what the Victorian socialist William Morris called the “anti-scrape”, or an anti-capitalist conservationism (not conservatism) that solaced itself with the vision of a preindustrial golden age. In Britain, folk may often appear a cosy, fossilised form, but when you look more closely, the idea of folk – who has the right to sing it, dance it, invoke it, collect it, belong to it or appropriate it for political or cultural ends – has always been contested territory. - This extract clearly gives the link between folk music appearing as a cosy, fossilized form because of its association with a pre-industrial past. Thus, choice 3 is the correct answer.

Choices 1 and 2 may be true but are not connected with folk being referred to as a cosy, fossilized form. “Shabby chic” in choice 4 refers to modern folk music that is now hip and fashionable.

Hence, choice 3 is the correct answer.

Please note that the question is asking for the choice that CANNOT BE THE CAUSE for plurality and diversity within the British folk tradition. For the right answer please refer to para 4 - For the second wave of folk revivalists, such as Ewan MacColl and AL Lloyd, starting in the 40s, the vital spark was communism’s dream of a post-revolutionary New Jerusalem. For their younger successors in the 60s, who thronged the folk clubs set up by the old guard, the lyrical freedom of Dylan and the unchained melodies of psychedelia created the conditions for folk-rock’s own golden age, a brief Indian summer that lasted from about 1969 to 1971. Four decades on, even that progressive period has become just one more era ripe for fashionable emulation and pastiche. THE IDEA OF A FOLK TRADITION BEING EXCLUSIVELY CONFINED TO ORAL TRANSMISSION HAS BECOME A MUCH LOOSER, LESS SEVERELY GUARDED CONCEPT. Recorded music and television, for today’s metropolitan generation, are where the equivalent of folk memories are seeded.

Choice 1 can be derived from paragraph 4 - THE IDEA OF A FOLK TRADITION BEING EXCLUSIVELY CONFINED TO ORAL TRANSMISSION. Therefore, choice 1 is not the answer.

Choice 2 can be derived from paragraph 2 - Folk is a sonic “shabby chic”, containing elements of the uncanny and eerie, as well as an antique veneer, a whiff of BRITAIN’S HEATHEN DARK AGES. The very obscurity and anonymity of folk music’s origins open up space for rampant imaginative fancies. Thus, choice 2 is also not the answer.

Choice 3 can also be asserted from paragraph 2 – “a whiff of Britain’s heathen dark ages” with regard to folk music. Thus, choice 3 is also eliminated.

Choice 4 may be true according to the passage but it does not answer the question asked and therefore CANNOT BE THE CAUSE for plurality and diversity within the British folk tradition. The popularity or unpopularity of folk music has nothing to do with the plurality and diversity of folk music in Britain. 

Thus, choice 4 is the correct answer.

A paradox is a logically self-contradictory statement or a statement that runs contrary to one's expectation. Now refer to para 2 - The researchers analyzed thermographic images taken over roughly a month during June 2008. During that period, the average air temperature was 0.32 degrees Fahrenheit. At the same time, the majority of the plumage covering the penguins’ bodies was even colder: the surface of their warmest body part, their feet, was an average 1.76 degrees Fahrenheit, but the plumage on their heads, chests and backs were -1.84, -7.24 and -9.76 degrees Fahrenheit respectively. Overall, nearly the entire outer surface of the penguins’ bodies was below freezing at all times, except for their eyes and beaks. The scientists also used a computer simulation to determine how much heat was lost or gained from each part of the body—and discovered that by keeping their outer surface below air temperature, the birds might PARADOXICALLY be able to draw very slight amounts of heat from the air around them. The key to their trick is the difference between two different types of heat transfer: radiation and convection.

So what is the PARADOX here? The average outer air temperature was 0.32 degrees Fahrenheit. However the surface of their warmest body part, their feet, was an average 1.76 degrees Fahrenheit, but the plumage on their heads, chests and backs were -1.84, -7.24 and -9.76 degrees Fahrenheit respectively. Now by keeping their outer surface below air temperature, the birds might PARADOXICALLY be able to draw very slight amounts of heat from the air around them. The key to their trick is the difference between two different types of heat transfer: radiation and convection.

Choice 1 is not true according to the passage. Penguins keep their bodies warmer and their plumage colder.

Choice 2 is not a paradoxical statement at all. Although it is true it is not contradictory in scope.

Choice 3 is the correct answer. Refer para 3 - Emperor penguins keep their outer plumage colder than the surrounding air in order to keep their bodies warmer. The heat that they lose through thermal radiation is more than made up slightly through convection.

Choice 4 is incorrect. Penguins lose heat through radiation and gain it through convection. Thus, choice 4 is also eliminated.

Hence, the correct answer is choice 3.

Refer para 4 - And given the Emperors’ UNUSUALLY DEMANDING BREEDING CYCLE, every bit of warmth counts. Since penguins trek as far as 75 miles to the coast to breed and male penguins don’t eat anything during the INCUBATION PERIOD OF 64 DAYS, conserving calories by giving up as little heat as possible is absolutely crucial. This makes it very clear that Emperor Penguins lose body heat during their REPRODUCTION PROCESS. Hence the correct answer is choice 3.

Now refer para 3 - The penguins do lose internal body heat to the surrounding air through thermal radiation, just as our bodies do on a cold day. Because their bodies (but not surface plumage) are warmer than the surrounding air, heat gradually radiates outward over time, moving from a warmer material to a colder one. TO MAINTAIN BODY TEMPERATURE WHILE LOSING HEAT, PENGUINS, LIKE ALL WARM-BLOODED ANIMALS, RELY ON THE METABOLISM OF FOOD. This shows that METABOLISM OF FOOD helps to TO MAINTAIN BODY TEMPERATURE. Hence eliminate choice 4.

Again refer para 3 - The penguins, though, have an additional strategy. SINCE THEIR OUTER PLUMAGE IS EVEN COLDER THAN THE AIR, THE SIMULATION SHOWED THAT THEY MIGHT GAIN BACK A LITTLE OF THIS HEAT THROUGH THERMAL CONVECTION—the transfer of heat via the movement of a fluid (in this case, the air). As the cold Antarctic air cycles around their bodies, slightly warmer air comes into contact with the PLUMAGE and donates minute amounts of heat back to the penguins, then cycles away at a slightly colder temperature. This shows that both PLUMAGE and THERMAL CONVECTION help to gain body heat and not lose it. Thus, choice 1 and 2 are also eliminated.

Hence, the correct answer is choice 3.

Refer para 3 - “Since their outer plumage is even colder than the air, the simulation showed that they might gain back a little of this heat through thermal convection—the transfer of heat via the movement of a fluid (in this case, the air). As the cold Antarctic air cycles around their bodies, slightly warmer air comes into contact with the plumage and donates minute amounts of heat back to the penguins, then cycles away at a slightly colder temperature.” A careful reading will lead us to the fact that the “slightly warmer air” refers to the cold Antarctic air whose temperature is higher than that of the plumage and “at a slightly colder temperature” refers to the fall in temperature of the Antarctic air after it has transferred some heat to the plumage of the emperor penguins. Thus, choice 2 is the correct answer. 

Choice 1 is incorrect as it says the opposite of what is stated in para – 3.

Choice 3 is incorrect as nothing has been mentioned about air being trapped in the plumage of the emperor penguins.

Choice 4 is incorrect because food metabolism is not related to the question. Moreover, heat is not transferred to the plumage but to the surrounding air by the process of thermal radiation. 

Hence, the correct answer is choice 2.

The question actually asks us to choose the choice that supports the findings of the study reported in the passage. Refer para2 - The researchers analyzed thermographic images taken over roughly a month during June 2008. During that period, the average air temperature was 0.32 degrees Fahrenheit. At the same time, the majority of the plumage covering the penguins’ bodies was even colder: the surface of their warmest body part, their feet, WAS AN AVERAGE 1.76 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, but the plumage on their heads, chests and backs were -1.84, -7.24 and -9.76 degrees Fahrenheit respectively. Choice 3 is correct as this can be verified from the data given in para 2.

Choice 1 is not true according to the passage. The material of the penguins’ plumage has not been discussed in the passage. In choice 2, the temperatures of the plumage on the penguins’ heads, chests and backs should have read -1.84, -7.24 and -9.76 degrees Fahrenheit respectively. Thus, choice 2 is also untrue and can be eliminated.

Choice 4 is not true. The data given above gives the average air temperature recorded during the month of June 2008 in the area of study to be 0.32 degrees Fahrenheit.

Thus, the correct answer is choice 3.

Choice 1 can be eliminated as it talks about relationship between pure and applied science, with the pure science directing applied science, and NEVER THE OTHER WAY ROUND. The passage does not say so.

Choice 3 can be eliminated as it talks about DESIGN CONSTRAINTS. The passage does not say so.

Choice 4 can be eliminated as it says that Engineering and physics FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFER on matters like building a bridge or a nuclear reactor. The passage does not say so.

Choice 2 summarizes the paragraph succinctly. It restates the main point of the passage. Though engineering uses a lot of theories of physics it also ACCEPTS A LOT OF THEORIES REJECTED BY PHYSICISTS that have been created in controlled experimental situations because they happen to WORK IN REAL WORLD SITUATIONS. Hence, the correct answer is choice 2.